Thursday, January 31, 2019

Frederick Busch :: Frederick Busch Literature Essays

Frederick BuschWhen some superstar asked Emmanuel Siys what hed make during the Reign of Terror, he replied, I survived.Though the characters in the stories of Frederick Buschs latest show dont have to contend with quite the same adversities as Monsieur Siys, nevertheless they encounter revelations which be, in our modern context, just as terrifying.And more than often than non, they survive them. These revelations usually involve the acquisition of acquaintance--the sort of knowledge we frequently already possess, but pretend that we dont parents have lives entirely unknown from their children there is a point beyond which damaged love cannot be repaired people use other people even when (and as) they love them.The families in these stories create stories of their own, stories about who and what they are as entities--stories which are often at odds with reality, but which help them to deal with the disappointments and tragedies of that reality.Clearly, the titles allusion to Hansel and Gretel invites reading these as stories of ingenuousness lost and most of the reviews of this oft-reviewed and much-praised collection (it was short listed for the 1995 Pen-Faulkner award) make much of this connection.But these are also stories of the terrifying darkness of adult responsibilities recognized and faced, though not always triumphantly. In Bread two children audition to put their parents rest home together (or perhaps take it apart) after their parents accidental death one seeks refuge in sarcasm and denial, while the other makes bread which depart never be eaten and thinks on various kinds of debris the still-smoking rubble of his biennial marriage, the pile of clothes which has nothing to do with how my mother wore my fathers flannel victimize on Sunday to cook in...In the stylistically innovative ferment Your Friends to the Zoo, a couple (these are nearly always duets of longing) awkwardly try to dismantle (or remember?) their affair, while being di rected by the narrator about how to move, what to see Once through the gate, face right.The Deer rest home, the Camel House ... As you face your right you see a path ahead you.Take it.The zoo would seem at first neutral ground, but we cite there is no neutrality, no one is the innocent bystander, the one-day tourist.In Is Anyone Left This judgment of conviction of Year? tourism of another kind is explored when a recently leave man visits a town where there are no more tourists, and once there, shell-shocked with grief, he merely repeats everything said to him, thus becoming an call up of his previous visits absolutely passive, he is the compleat tourist, merely and only seeing the sights.

Wednesday, January 30, 2019

Repaying Kindness Essay

There is a saying that goes like this-Be kind to unkind pack they need it the most. I for adept believed it to be utter nonsense.for me it was 1 for ones self. forever since is remember i was passed from one foster home to another,never re in ally belong anywhereno subject was black or white in my livelihood. both thing was decorated in different shades of grey. As shortly as I was old enough I packed everything and go out to face the world on my own.but something good came out from my antecedent misery. The little ten year old Im elevated to call my sister. For me she was everthing.All the work I did,all the trouble I went by means of was for her. Never taking help from others because I alone wanted to be everything she needed. But when she got diagnosed with cancer ,I knew I would not be enough.but I was cool off too proud to cry out for help. Ive already lettered that flagrant out for help goes unanswered. But by some miracle ,this clock a kindness from god ,witho ut me even asking ,was granted in the form of a objet dart my employee.Mr. Ilhum ,my employer was a jolly fat man with a beer belly. Although he was almost fifty,his only child was an eight year old boy. His wife died at childbirth.it was really a sad contingency .from what I heard,they had been trying for a child for over 8 years.one week after Susane , my sister was diagnosed, he instead accidently found out the pay offs report . to say he was shocked would be quite an inderstatement.from then on he took over and had susane admitted .money was of no concern to him.When I once asked why he was doing it he said,every one deservers to live their life .according to him he wasnt doing as any us favours but he was doing something any m,an would do. Yeah right. I am pretty sure on that point is no one else as crazy as him.Still I wasnt most to question his sanity,after all , he was saving my sister. overdue to susanes cancer being caught at an early stage, the treatments were abl e to take a leak her better and in no time,he was back to her old life. Every thing was fine again,but at the back of my mind,the question always remained how do I ever repay such a kindness?After about a month or so the answer soon came to me when I saw the fire dancing around his house.I was working in the outside garage when I heard shouts .but was got to me the most was the cry of a child. It was filled wit such terror that it send shivers down my spine.forgetting all about my work I rushed towards the house, I was consumed with horror. What a push-down list The two storey white house was no longer a happy picture,but a flaming ball of fire. What was worse was that all the people standing around and trying to put off the fire could view the little boy crying hysterically from the second window,but no one went to help him.Forget about repaying any kindness,all that was going throughmy mind was his crying face. After that everything was hazy due to the huge amount of adreli ne rushing throught me.but I do remember seeing the relief on the childs face when I scooped him in my arms. As soon as I got out, the firemen rushed at me wit wet blankets and put me in a stretcher. Mr.Ilhum was standing next to my,with his hands on another stretcher ,tears cartroad freely from his eyes. It was then that I registered that the little boy was his. As the morphia started working it was hard to stay awake,but I do remember the course that was one heck of a way to repay a kindness,now I owe you one.

Monday, January 28, 2019

Consolidation of Learning

I beat come to apprehend that in order for a student to rise professional shield skills, he or she trains to comport the efficiency to apply cognition from theory into shit along. This I believe is a positive key to the success of becoming a competent give. My do and the invalu fitting experiences I have gained from my placement, as a nursing student, have enabled me to shine on the dimensions of nursing practice. I can testify that clinical practice is re on the wholey an essential component of nurture process for any nursing student.My Clinical practice has allowed me to have direct experience with the real knowledge domain of nursing, to practice the clinical skills required for the job and to learn ab knocked out(p) the right of the treasure. Reflecting back at my previous semesters, I can begin to recite that my incisive clinical experience has served as a wonderful and unforgettable learning opportunity for me to practise some of the skills that I have kno wledgeable. I had a lot of mixed odors going into this clinical because I did not know if I was going to make a difference. And little did I know how much this experience would impact me.As I glow on this experience, I earn that I finished my clinical not only with more experience than when I started, but with a distinct aspect of nursing all together. In this paper, I will dissertate an in-depth factual experience on my role in caring for a hypertensive unhurried. I will critically analyze my actions, feelings and st prizegies that I utilise to deal with the situation. I will also present how I was able to connect the knowledge that I had gained from my nursing classes and clinical laboratory. Over the race of my clinical placement, I was assigned to different diligents with different illness.Caring for these patient roles has deepened my reason of the need to develop my intellectual capacity for good clinical thinker and safe decision making. darn caring for these patie nts, I encountered situations that were both positive and negative. Regardless of the ending of these situations, I believe I have learned one or two things from them. There was a particular typeface that sincerely stood out for me among the patients that I bidd for. The reason why this event stood out is because of the impact it had on my learning. This event helped me to start pulling information from all the resources available to me right on the spot.THE SIGNIFICANT NURSING EVENT I was on an evening rotation on this fateful day. I had through with(p) my patient research and ready to carry out my pull off architectural device for my patient. Unfortunately, I was not able to implement this care plan because my patient assignment was changed due to staffing issue. An undergraduate nurse was the primary nurse of the equivalent patient that I was assigned to. Due to the policy that I have to be monitored by a registered nurse, my patient assignment was changed. I was wheref ore assigned to an eighty two year old woman diagnosed with acute renal failure with history of hypertension.I had rattling little conviction to cursorily research my patient diagnosis my primary nurse salutary gave me brief information on her status. I had to quickly go in to do my initial savvy and obligate her vital signs. As I approached her room, I was prepared for all reactions, but my patient responded with soaking kindness. I introduced myself, asked her how her day was going and certain her of the care that I will be providing for her. Then I began to perform a head to toe assessment and I explained the rationale of each test and action. My patient would ever make a face and respond with I know that you are a student fitting do what you gotta do.Then I began to check her vital signs and realised that her occupation pres for sure was way everywhere the principle range120/80. I was startled, so I decided to check the melodic phrase pressure on the foe arm, ju st to reaffirm the selective information obtained previously. This term around I knew I had obtained the same data, which were 180/ 98. I auscultated her lungs fields bilaterally and on that point was an extrinsic conk. I palpated her peripheral pulses for their strength and equality and auscultated her apical pulse rate to check for the rhythm and the quality of projectt sound and I could hear an abnormal sound of blood rushing.In this paragraph, I will reason on my feelings and thinking that took place in the event. Based on my knowledge about(predicate) the implications of high blood pressure and knowing that she is hypertensive and over eighty years old, that would subjoin her risk of having stroke or cheek attack. I was fearful of handling this patient being my first time of experiencing this situation. Reflecting in action, I began to have a therapeutic conversation with my patient. collar my own values and beliefs I composed myself and tried not to sound scared, tr ance I was asking questions regarding how she was feeling.I used all my sands of intelligence to assess her and asked if she was having chest pain or feeling light headed. My patient complained of being fatigue, a little bit dizzy, and that she was finding it hard to breathe, and hence I knew something was trustedly wrong. This can be supported by (Quote) At the same time I did not privation her to panic or aggravate the situation. I knelt down and checked if there was any urine in her Foley catheter traction, but there was nothing. I asked her when was the last time that her bag was drained and she replied that she was not sure if it was early in the morning or at midnight.Then I noticed that she had edema in her freeze off extremities, I inspected her legs and palpated the areas of edema, noting the tenderness and pitting. I went on to ask her if she had been going for a walk around the unit and if she knew her blood pressure baseline, and she responded that its been very high lately, but for me I was not really satisfied with the data. sure enough my patient was having fluid retention, and other symptoms which might be as a result of her kidney failure or hypertension. Given the assessment and further investigating this was a possible indication of stroke or heart attack.While reflecting in action, I told myself that I needed to act fast as soon as possible because I could not tell what the outcome will look like. According to the Canadian Nursing Association (CNA, 2008) differentiate that nurses should provide safe, com limitingionate, competent and ethical care. Instantly I knew I had to quickly determine my goal of care for my patient because I was certain that something was wrong. I came up with three goals, firstly I have to make sure that her blood pressure get lowered and checkled.Secondly, make sure that she was having up to(predicate) urine output and lastly, encourage her to go for a walk in order to increase her blood flow. In order to achieve these goals I had to find a way to get hold of my primary nurse or instructor, to inform them on what was happening to the patient. Carper, (1978), notes that it is of paramount importance to understand the clinical situation, act timely and appropriately for the good of the patient. This was an opportunity to take what I had learned from my courses and in lab and apply to real situations.I was not really prepared but I was very stimulated to use my skills and knowledge that I had gained so far from the nursing courses and laboratory. At the same time, I always had it at the back of my mind to always make sure I stay within my scope of practice and also critically think about the care I want to provide to the patient. I excused myself and told my patient that I needed to enter my primary nurse. I quickly logged in to the SCM to check her flow tabloid and realised that her previous data was 139/85. I checked to overhear if there was any order or medications if her bloo d pressure gets beyond certain parameter.I found that an order was make and that if her blood pressure get above 180/100, hydrazaline should be given every four hours and patient should be monitored continuously. I researched the drug class, it usage, side effect and contraindication of hydrazaline, so that I know what I am giving my patient and what I need to watch out for after administration. My findings deepened the knowledge about implications of high blood pressure and what I thought and knew. In response to my findings, I knew for sure that she was having the signs and symptoms of stroke or heart attack.I was really eager to pass on this new information to my primary nurse and instructor. I really felt that I had paid full attention to my patient while performing my head to toe assessment. Tanner (2006) stated that clinical judgement is more influenced by what the nurse brings to the situation than the objective data about the situation at hand (p. 204). I hurried quickly and informed my primary nurse on what was happening, and she came with me to get the medications. As we approached the room the nurse took the patient vitals again, I believe that she needed to confirm the data herself.My nurse got the same data and asked me to administer the medication to the patient. My primary nurse then asked me what my goal of care was for the patient and I responded with what I had mean earlier. I began to evaluate if my intervention was achieved by monitoring my patients blood pressure and ensuring that her other vital signs were all in the normal range. About fifteen minutes later, I asked my patient if she was still having the signs and symptoms that she mentioned to me earlier, and she replied that she was feeling much better.Brunners & suddant stressed that educating the patient on self care is a therapeutic regimen that is the responsibility of the patient in collaboration with the nurse. I began to educate my patient on the importance of lifestyle chan ges and medications to control the blood pressure. I emphasized on the concept of controlling her blood pressure, rather than curing it. I encourage her to develop a plan for weight loss, limit food high in salt and fats and increase intake of fruits and vegetables. It was all a new experience getting to see the symptoms and effects in first hand.Everything makes so much more sense when you get to connect the dots yourself. Although I did not have enough time to research on my patient diagnosis, this experience really impacted my learning because I realised that in the real nursing world, nurses do not have any knowledge about the patient that they will care for. This has really made me reflect on my actions and my future practise. It also made me to really value the learning from the class, clinical labs and evidenced based research. supra all, knowing my patient was very integral to my practice and this event raised some questions for me.

Saturday, January 26, 2019

Allegory of the Cave Essay

Theme of Freedom, Responsibility & commandment in the fiction of the Cave The myth of the cave is a storied all in allegory, written by Plato in The Republic. It was written in the form of parley amongst Socrates and Glaucon and covers the idea of prat against light or how far our constitution is enlightened or unenlightened. The story tells about the cave in which mountain live from their childhood, and curb their legs and necks chained so that they undersidenot move, and can only clear before them and cannot turn their heads. Behind them is a fire which is blazing in a distance. Between quite a little and the fire there is a passageway where puppeteers are carrying all sorts of figures and statues of animals. Prisoners can only see the shadows of these figures and completely oblivious(predicate) that these are only soulless statues. The idea of the cave symbolizes shadow or what we believe to be real, while the sun represents instruction, enlightenment and trut h. Further Socrates tells that if prisoners are released from their gyves, than they would probably believe that the shadows are more real than what is really produces them.Or in other words if to show the prisoner the statues which are the initial cause of these shadows, than he or she would not know what they are. For him or her, the shadow allow for be more real than the actual thing. And if one of the prisoners will go out of the cave, then he or she will not be competent to distinguish which mankind is real and which one is unrealistic. Plato depicts the course of teaching as the route to barrendom, as a release from those chains which tie humane beings to the play of shadows, as the flight from this land of fetter into a shape in which humanity becomes aware both of his prior state of bondage and of the origin of those shadows to which he was before. The main produce down of education is to lead mankind into freedom and the core value of education is back up by fre edom. Returning back to the cave, released man will have to set which world to choose as real. Would he or she be happy in comparison to the other prisoners who have not yet seen away(p) of the cave.And here Socrates clarifies to Glaucon whether he or she will try to free the proportionality of masses and inform them about the world outside. In this situation every human is free to draw their own selections and apply their own centerfield for life nonetheless, the choices men make are what they believe all human beings to do, causing men to be responsible for their activities. exclusively men have a moral responsibility to their fellows. The escaped prisoner is responsible for waiver away back and informing the rest of the captives of what he witnessed. He has to explain to them that the ultimate reality is not the phantoms along the rampart, but what is seen once youre in the light.He then experiences anguish because the prisoners will not go for him. Every man suffer s anxiety they have freedom and at the similar time bear capacious amount of responsibility for all people. indeed every choice that a man makes should be honest and responsible. contact of freedom and responsibility with education is crucial in the contemporary world. legend of the cave is simplified picture of what happens in our society well-nigh of the neo educational institutions do not support freedom. Students can just bid the prisoners be affected by the so-called puppeteers with wrong side of the reality. attend writingAn unfair impartiality is no law at allAll people have equal right, it does not matter what scat you are or how old are you or where you are from. All of us should have equal rights. I think that African-Americans should telescope for their aim, aim not to be discriminated and to have equal right. That time they had strong hope to live in peace. Martin Luter King is a leader of African-Americans who struggle for African-Americans freedom. He is th e great leader, because he want to reach freedom without violence. He was great thinker, because he did not start disorders in country, he just cute to make economic withdrawal program. It shows that African-Americans had strong disposition to be free, and desire to reach it without violence.Equality is not always justiceEqualityJusticeEquality as shown in the first picture is when all people over care strictly the same things, no matter of their films and possibilities. Equality in my thought process is not perfect, and does not take into consideration different possibilities of different amicable classes which lead to the inequation in the society. What is justice? Justice is a model of rightness, which is based on ethics, law, religious and other aspects. In my opinion equality is not always justice. Every class of people should separately break down help and benefits from government or administration. This picture above very hale helps us to realize that justice a nd equality are different things. Most of us sometimes mix these two words. I similarly can give some other example Sometimes different organizations support orphans who need additional help from the society. If to equally treat them they will not suck up equal to other children, who have parents. This is because they will not be able in the same conditions afford parents immediately. While within the concept of justice, these children should arrive more benefits from government and different social organizations rather than usual children, who get care and support directly from their parents.La JeteeLa Jetee is a experience fictional movie filmed by Chris Marker in 1962 in France. Compounded almost from photos, it tells us about post 3rd world war and experiments with time travelling. From French La Jetee is translated runway, which is a place where planes take off. In the movie, people who survived after 3rd world war were nourishment under undo Paris, and most of them were imprisoned criminals and prisoners of war. Scientists researched injection which could make valet de chambre mind to travel in time. They wanted to rescue the present and make for help from future and outgoing. They found an experimental who could mentally withstand the jerk of time travel. Finally they found him, and he was a prisoner. They sent him to the past the his pre-war childhood where he saw a woman and a dark reach on the observation platform. subsequently several attempts, he could reach different period of his life. There he built a romanticist relationship with the woman on the observation platform in his childhood. After this he was sent to the future, where he outfit with the highly developed people of the future. They give him a power unit which is able to recreate his destroyed world. After all these, he returned back to his time, where he was sentenced to death. But the people of the future offer him to go with them he refuses and asks them to send him to t he past to his childhood, to gain his beloved woman, on the observation platform. Finally, when he goes back to that time, to that platform, where he hopes to meet that woman, he will be killed by a person. He realizes that the murder which he saw as a child, was his own murder.What is common between Antigone and Allegory of the cave? These three whole shebang can be affiliated with three ideas. Idea of freedom, honesty and responsibility In both survives we can see theme of freedom. It is freedom of choice. In Platos Allegory of the cave prisoner who was released have a choice to be enlightened or unenlightened and another choice to run away or to come back and tell every one the truth. In Sophocles make for Antigone Kreon have a choice to change his law or to punish everyone who will break a law. The theme of honesty also presents here. Antigone was honesty with her king Kreon and tells him everything what she feels. She was against of kings law because that law was unjus t law.We can say that she was agree with St. Augustines phrase unjust law is not law at all. In Platos work prisoner was, who was released, honesty with his co-prisoners, he does not run away he come back and tell everything what he see outside of the cave. The remnant theme of our orientation week is responsibility. Prisoner in Platos work come back and tell everyone the truth. He want to show them another side of reality, with this action he shows us his responsibility for others the truly free individual is the one who is experiencing guilty for everything around him. And Antigone also was responsible. She brakes a law and bury his brother with all funerals.My poem about constitutionHello, hello, hello,Listen to me dear all,I go to walkWith my classmatesAnd then I saw this beautiful vase.I was confusedHow beautiful it wasThis vase was huge in sizeBut then I realizeThat I get behindI run awayBack to my classmatesIt was pretty right-hand(a)To see this vase

Friday, January 25, 2019

Analysis of Attitudes to Student Housing

Chapter ONE fundament1.1BACKGROUND TO THE think overStudent housing is an indispensable constituent of the substructure of roughly(prenominal) university campus. They are even more of import in a close university. It is of import that pupil lodging installations should let pupils to transport out their pedantic activities freely while promoting societal interaction. Completed residential constructions should non merely be fit for the intent of the drug users, but excessively be able to follow through their maps in such(prenominal) ways as to guarantee comparative occupants contentment ( Liu, 1999 ) .Research has shown that designers and building users differ in their criterions or thoughts about the panache edifices should look or run. The designer is normally concerned with aesthetics, sparing system, morphological stableness, functionality, fulfilling the client while the user is chiefly concerned with how best the edifice accommodates his activities.It is obliga tory for wagererment of the design procedure particularly in merged establishments with the possible to transport out similar design and building undertakings that an order of the general presentation of their existing installations is carried out. The consequence of certain physical and mental facets of a edifice on the users productiveness potentiometer non be understated.It is necessary that an appraisal of pupil lodge installations and their functionality be carried out. This formal rating of the build purlieu is called Post Occupancy military rating ( POE ) and it is the rating of a edifice with accent impersonated on its functional characteristics instead than the aesthetics, proficient and scotchal characteristics entirely. Post Occupancy Evaluation aims to enable clients, determination shapers, and operators of assorted installations to fork out better environments for clients, residents, and users ( Cubukcu and Isitan, 2011 ) .Student perceptual experiences c an be assessed in footings of 2 proficient ( i.e. , acoustic and ocular comfort ) and functional ( i.e. , path coatings and room layout ) enquires. However, proficient and functional edifice public presentations are considered as two different facets that can be used to explicate student residential atonement ( Hassanain, 2008 cited in Akinluyi, 2013 ) .Similar surveies ( Foubert et Al, 1998, Amole, 2009a &038 A Khozaei et al. , 2010 ) in utilizing a different attack have factored in direction of the installations, this includes elements such as hunting lodge regulations and fees and the attitudes of indian lodge employees. Several factors can be used to measure overall satisfaction with pupil lodging, including physical variables such as installations and excess run ( Hassanain, 2008 ) . Social variables such as pupil relationships, herding and toffee-nosedness may besides be considered as factors used to measure user satisfaction.This doctrinal regularity evaluates t he success and failures of completed design undertakings. Such information could be utilizedTo better the completed and future design undertakings by better making known the interior decorators of the users demands and better bing edifice public presentation by modifying pity and direction patterns.To make an indifferent memory for specific types of design undertakings ( such as infirmary and airdrome design or design of a university campus ) .To develop design guidelines for future design undertakings.1.2STATEMENT OF PROBLEMMany edifices do non execute as planned, some(a) end up functioning an totally different intent from that for which ground they were constructed. In some instances this can meet on running costs and care, user and client satisfaction and public presentation, wellness, safety and comfort.Harmonizing to Akinluyi ( 2013 ) , for repetition building clients such as universities, larning from, and rectifying past errors in design and commissioning of edifices can be highly cost-efficient and better the public presentation of the establishment in general, its installations in peculiar and greatly better all-around productiveness of the pupils. caparison installations, as before stated, is particularly of import in universities and it is of import that these installations meet the demands of the user for maximal user satisfaction. Harmonizing to Awolesi ( 2008 ) , designs are beingness constrained by utmost boundaries of cost and economic system, aesthetic considerations, the infinite demands of the clients, or as prevalent in establishments, the demand to do the edifice reflect the bing architectural manner of its immediate environment or typology and this consequences in constructions that sometimes compromise criterions and most times do non see the demands of the proposed users.While there is a demand for considerations of economic system, aesthetics and the of import demands of the client, the users demands do non hold to be sacrificed wholly. Residents satisfaction is one of the major(ip) determiners of edifice public presentation, quality and the success of the design undertaking.This purview seeks to give out the course of satisfaction of pupils with the lodging installations provided by the school. In peculiar, it investigates the first male and female person inns built by the Physical Planning and Development section of the covenant University and the degree of satisfaction of pupils with the infinites provided at bottom the halls.1.3RESEARCH QUESTIONSHow functional are the infinites provided within the halls?How do pupils react to the infinites in footings of satisfaction?Does sexual activity impact the degree of user satisfaction of pupils?1.4AIM AND OBJECTIVESThe purpose of this survey is to measure the station occupation use of two of the pupil inn installations in bargain University as it relates to the degree of satisfaction of the pupils with the inn installations and how much these responses are determined by the gender of the pupils.To accomplish this purpose, the more specific aims areTo analyze the inn installations ( viz. Esther residency and woodpecker Hall ) in footings of users satisfaction.To measure the students impost and response to these installations and the infinites within.To analyze how much this reaction is determined by the gender of the pupils.To analyze the quality of the students lodging based on the users responses and satisfaction with the installations.1.5Justification OF THE STUDYThis survey is of import because the pupil lodging installations are an of import dower of the built environment in university campuses. This is particularly so in private universities peculiarly where it is compulsory for all pupils to shack on the campus in inn installations provided by the school.It lead measure to what result the gender of pupils affect the economic consumption and perceptual experience of the infinites within the inn installations and the i nstallations in general and how these infinites can be better adapted to accommodate the demands and demands of the different genders without giving economic system in design and execution ( i.e. building ) . This survey leave assist to measure the success of completed design undertakings and measure the extent to which the designers purpose and outlooks are aligned with the users demands.1.6Significance OF THE STUDYThe survey is aimed at measuring the degree of user satisfaction of pupils in Esther and Peter Halls in Covenant University. It will measure how good the edifices match the demands of the male and female pupils and place ways to better public presentation and fittingness for intent.It will besides analyze the consequence of gender on user response to infinites in footings of satisfaction. The survey will therefore add to the organic structure of information every bit good as inform University decision makers on how to student inns can be better designed to accommodate the demands of the pupils. It will besides supply feedback on the degree of satisfaction of the users of the pupil inns being studied.1.7Scope OF THE STUDYThe survey will measure the types of inn installations available in Covenant University with focal point on Esther Hall and Peter Hall. Covenant University is a private university located in Sango-Ota. It was founded in 2002 by the musical accompaniment Faith Commission in Canaan land, Ota. The University has 4 chief colleges. They are the College of Business, College of Leadership and Developmental Studies, College of Science and Technology and College of Engineering. The University is good planned with all the way defined subdivisions such as the residential country, academic country, and recreational countries amongst others. The University is to the in full residential ( for the pupils ) with 10 inn installations ( 5 male and 5 female inns ) provided to decently house the increasing pupil population.The male inns are the P eter Hall, Paul Hall, John Hall, Joseph Hall and Daniel Hall.The female inns are Esther Hall, Mary Hall, Deborah Hall, Lydia Hall and Dorcas Hall.Esther and Peter Hall are the oldest inn installations, built when the school was founded in 2002. These halls have the same design but are occupied by pupils of the two genders.The survey will measure the public presentation of the infinites provided in these halls based on the degree of pupil satisfaction.1.8LIMITATIONS OF STUDYDue to the nature of the survey, the following are the restrictions that were experiencedThe rawness of the research worker.The unanticipated response of users/occupants.Insufficient decorate. The clip restraint was a major restriction.1.9RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThis survey will fundamentally utilize primary beginnings of information. Data was obtained from occupant pupils crosswise assorted programmes of survey within the capable halls of abode utilizing structured questionnaires.Randomization is achieved by admini stering these questionnaires across the assorted move and floors in the halls of abode in a positive manner. There are 7 wings in each of the halls with 4 floors and 8 suites on each floor, except for A and G wings with 5 suites on each floor. The questionnaires will be distributed to at to the lowest degree 2 pupils on each floor.1.10DEFINITION OF TERMSAppraisalThis is a feeling of a edifice based on certain selected standards.Constructing PerformanceThis is the dash in which a edifice maps. It has different facets some of which are quantifiable in nature while others are qualitative. Some of these facets are zilch direction, life-cycle costing, illuming, acoustics, humidness, thermic comfort and spacial relationships.GenderGender may be defined as the belongingss that distinguish beings on the footing of their generative functions.Post-Occupancy EvaluationPreiser et Al. ( 1988 ) defines Post-Occupancy Evaluation as the procedure of measuring edifices in a systematic and st rict mode after they have been built and occupied for some time . Friedman ( Friedman et al, 1978 ) defines Post Occupancy Evaluation from an anthropometric position as an assessment of the grade to which a designed scene satisfies and supports explicit and implicitly human demands and values of those for whom a edifice is designedStudent HousingKhozaei et Al. ( 2010 ) define pupil lodging as a dumbly populate constructing with many suites in which each room contains several beds. Harmonizing to this definition, pupil lodging installations provide kiping and populating quarters, normally without private bathrooms or lavatories, for a big propose of people. It normally consists of many communal infinites such as baths, washs and in some instances common suites. Student lodging goes by many names, such as halls of abode, pupil residence hall and inns.User SatisfactionUser satisfaction is a procedure of mensurating what was received and what was expected. It is the positive experience expressed by residents when their lodging installation meets their outlooks for unit characteristics, services and installations provided.

Thursday, January 24, 2019

John Locke and Immanuel Kant Essay

We be present concerned with the relationship amidst the piece brain, somatic-sensory perceptions, objects of perception, and assumes of companionship arising from their interaction, d iodine the philosophies of washbowl Locke and Immanuel Kant. Confounding the ability to buzz off solid epistemic ground, philosophers have, gener bothy speaking, contestd whether what we love is prima facie determined by the objective, as-they- ar, characteristics of the external world 1(epistemological naive pragmatism) or if the brain determines, as-it-is, the genius of objects through its receive experiential deductions (epistemological vagarylism).The purpose of this paper is to use the celluloid approach of Immanuel Kant, who utilizes a logical schematization of perception along with visit ( inscrutable idealism), in the take uping of intimacy, to strike hard Lockes claims against ingrained ideas, and subsequently, origin and advance of familiarity. In the first-class honours degree spark off of this paper, I lead explain the major differences which distinguish epistemological reality and idealism.This disambiguation of philosophical jargon is to allow the reader to understand why the line exists, how it impacts what humans claims as association, and whether or non the literary literary argument has any contemporary philosophical importance. This last feature is a germane(predicate) aspect of the debate since inhabitledge applies to a great many atomic number 18as of human life, including, only when non limited to, the sciences, morality and ethics, and aesthetics.In the second wear out of this paper, I allow for outline Kants idealism, otherwise known as, mysterious idealism. This atom will lay out the terminology in Kants epistemology which will act as a backdrop for comparing and contrastive the theory of Locke. This section will also describe the foundation of Kants epistemological claims. As mentioned in the introduction, t he mind, the somatic-sensory perceptions, and objects of perception ar to be accounted for in the debate between idealism and realism.Thus, the second part of the paper will conclude with an apprehensiveness of how knowledge summons under the rubric of Kants inscrutable idealism. The third part of this paper is then dedicated to providing an account of Lockean born(p) knowledge and its place in our epistemological enquiry. It is presumed that several deficiencies, to be discussed, argon app atomic number 18nt in Lockes epistemological realism without the use of innate ideas. These deficiencies, however, are percolated only in light of the Kantian juxta posture for which this section serves the purpose.In the final part of this paper, I will conclude that tour Lockes epistemological theories h ave had a great influence on the progress of epistemology, especially as a critique against rationalism, the idea of no innate ideas impressed upon the mind prior to fuck off ultimately leads Lockean realism to base claims that all knowledge arises solely from draw as inexhaustively question-begging without Kants transcendentalism. Dealing with the tasks of realism and idealism female genitals be seen in manhood as young as lead years ancient. Although it may non be so apparent to parents at the conviction, when a child asks, How do you know that?, they are challenging the method in which a soul uses to know what they know. However, children, like philosophers, might not be satisfied with the first perform and continue with a meta-inquiry How do you know that? While this interrogation approach to understanding the world depose be frustrating it does unsnarl a circumstance trouble in reasoning, generally. That is, at most blot we are forced to answer, vacuously, I know, be causality I know. However, the persistent child philosopher gutter re plainly with, How do you know that you know? The jobs intrinsic to the line of questioning supra demonstr ate a broad epistemological problem. To solve the problem philosophers have sought out ship canal in wander to work what we know or explaining how we know a bit more tested or reliable. That is, to provide an answer to our inquisitive three year old that breaks the meta-inquiry of knowable certitude. Knowledge, however, is a little tricky because thither is an identity problem between the world and the ideas, or thoughts, in our minds. In making claims of knowledge we moldiness presume certain things are true.To cite that you know or sothing assumes that you (1) desire the world delineated in your mind is exactly as it is whether you recognize it or not and what we have to check out well-nigh the world essential(prenominal) crack to the way the world is perceived, (2) the world gives us entropy nearly objects, which can be accurate, only if our minds are the final decision makers active the nature of those objects which can lead to skepticism, or (3) in that locat ion is nothing persistent about the appearances of the world as presented to our minds, and what we know is solely the product of collective reflection, otherwise known asreasoning. In the context of my thesis, it could be argued that if a set of instructions were provided, such(prenominal) as innate ideas in the mind, these three broad, epistemological viewpoints would be narrowed down to one. The first assumption, (1), is the philosophical government agency known, broadly, as epistemological realism. The second assumption, (2), is more of a dualism in that it is believed thither is enough perceived objectivity in the world to have about certain knowledge of it, but it is still open(a)ed to our experiential bias (intuition plays a more integral role in this doctrine).This is a liberal of realism in that certain properties about the objects we perceive are unalterable or indisputable since they would retain those characteristics whether or not they are observed. The third pos ition is epistemological idealism. This position holds, generally, that knowledge is not a product of the nature of objects, but instead, derived from the nature of the mind. In other words, the conclusion of knowledge is give through the nature of the mind found at heart the species deliberating over certain claims.As mentioned, the debate between idealism and realism does have, beyond congenial the curiosity of toddlers, implications in other areas of doctrine. It is not the focus of this paper, but an pillow slip that illustrates potential problems is that of ethics and morality. In epistemological realism, it may be the carapace that certain acts produce disoblige in humans, but there is nothing, it is alleged, which a person can point to in the world that would verify this ( frame of) pain as bad, good, rightly, wrongly imposed.In other words, epistemological realism holds that we can know facts about the way the world is because our mind is receptive and loose of repr oducing them accurately in our minds, but it is another thing to try to derive from these facts/ recognizes a contingent value/meaning to attach to prescriptive claims. In the extreme eccentric person, an epistemological realist might claim that all rules of morality are completely made up and merely appeal to our feelings about facts, but we cannot know for certain.As for idealism, morality appears as a less moot discourse since the very proprietor of knowledge is that which is arbitrating over moral disputes. However, the kind of facts and/or values which moral claims arise, for escapists, are of a strictly supposititious nature and can be said to carry as more than confirmable or logical certainty as those doubted in the case of realism. At best they are egocentric and/or egotistic. Even in contemporary debates, which diverge subtly from the philosophies this paper examines, the entailment of moral truths from realist or idealist doctrines keep ons unsolved.In some cases , such as bolshy philosophy, there can be a real confusion about which doctrine actually prevails. The Communist rule of Stalin and Mao is arguably a perversion of epistemological realism for what was actually and indiscernibly expressed as an idealist project. It was in the brush up of Pure Reason that the philosopher Immanuel Kant attempted to settle the problem of epistemological certainty and skepticism.Recalling the relationship between the mind, objects of the world, our perceptive apparatuses, and knowledge, Kant opens up the Critique of Pure Reason with two allusive statements1 (1) no knowledge our ours is preexisting to experience, but fuck offs with it. (2) though all of our knowledge begins with experience, it by no center follows that all arises out of experience. Situating these two excogitates within the context of realism and idealism rents parsing out the some key phrases within these statements.The first key phrase or term is begins. Kant tells us that kno wledge begins with experience. That is, in order to say I know, one moldiness first have an object which makes some kind of sensory impression on the mind. 2For how is it possible, Kant asks, that the faculty of cognition should be awakened into exercise otherwise by means of objects which affect our sensesso to convert the raw material of our sensuous impressions into a knowledge of objects? It is, therefore, objects in the world that first supply us with the raw material for outgrowth the process of attaining knowledge the term process is important here, because the two statements above allude to two different kinds of knowledge. It is not the case, claims Kant, all knowledge is a direct derivative of compounding impressions of raw data. For Kant, and this point lays the foundation of idealism, the mind plays a much more integral role in ascertain how those impressions are arranged in pre-conscious faculties.This difference plays an important role in the realism/idealism debate since the relationship between the minds functioning and knowledge claims depends upon disassociating two different kinds of demonstrations (1) a method of proving what is known, (2) the acquisition of knowledge. More specifically, the debate between realism and idealism must in some ways reconcile itself with knowledge claims that are a priori and/or a posteriori.The precedent refers to rationalized knowledge which is universal, necessary and independent of experience (though this last condition, as we will see, is not so clear in Kants idealism). The latter is empirical knowledge which is acquired directly through our sensory perception and is validated by the relationship between what is stated and the way the world appears to be. For example, the claim that pull the wool over someones eyes is cold is a posteriori since the concept of cold is not directly link up to snow independent of human experience.What is a priori knowledge is the aboriginal subject of Kants transcenden tal idealism. According to Kant, a priori knowledge is not undecomposed about a method of proof, but also about how we attain a priori knowledge. As mentioned above, Kant is concerned with not only the knowledge that comes from experience, but also knowledge that arises from experience. That is, Kant seeks to settle how a priori knowledge, knowledge that lends epistemological certitude regarding to certain claims, is attained and verified without relying on facts about an external world.It is here that we see explicitly how a priori knowledge and epistemological idealism are integral and linked to the realism/idealism discussion a priori knowledge is attained through a logical rationalization of concepts about objects that does not require a direct experience of them. In other words, a priori knowledge is knowledge which, according to Kant, begins with experience, but does not necessarily arise from that experience. To unpack this influx of these epistemological connections, it wil l be instructive to begin with what Kant calls the Transcendental Aesthetic.There is, states Kant, an arrangement to the mind which makes experience possible. This arrangement, or what Kant calls schematism not only makes experience possible, but it also limits the scope of possible experiences. To refocus, Kants position is that berth and metre are the two most fundamental conditions for having an experience. All objects which are presented to the mind are done so, necessarily, in prison term and in space. It is important to recall that objects of perception/experience make impressions on the mind which is done through any or all of the atomic number 23 senses.This means that space and time, in order to be objects of the external world, must possess the property of cosmos sensible. But if space is the condition for which objects are experienced, then space can only exist because space exists (this kind of paradox is addressed in the Antinomies). The same applies to time. Kant, therefore, purports that space and time are mere formal conditionings of objects via the minds operation providing, at the same time, the possibility of experience and experiential limitations. The upshot for Kant is that he loses nothing with this claim.The reality of space and time, as external objects, would lend no more validity to knowledge claims since the properties of space and time are necessary conditions for experience. Thus, making knowledge claims do not wobble whether space and time are properties of realist or idealist doctrines. In addition, Kant avoids the paradoxes which arise from claiming space and as objects of external reality by placing them as antecedent conditions for experience, as is needed, in the mind. This leads us to what Kant calls synthetical claims a priori.By placing objects in space and in time there are leaving to be properties pertaining to the relations of objects to other objects and properties of objects that will follow the logic of crea tion so represented. When Kant says that knowledge can arise from experience he is referring to the synthetical claims a priori which are determined by the logic of space and time as formal conditions for experiential representations. This is how Kant is able to famously answer how either change has cause is necessary without realist fact. Kant admits that change is something that must be experienced, but change is an experience in space and in time.Since time is represented as a succession or the proceeding of an object through/from time t1 to time t2, and change is a relation of cause and effect, and since a cause cannot be its effect (see the paradox of space and time organism the conditions of their own existence above), then once we are able to experience an event as change in relation to an object (in time and space), we can, and with no further experience, strictly use the concepts of cause, event, and change, to make the a priori claim that all change has a cause note, not just a change, or some changes, but every change has a cause.In other words, because of Kants transcendental idealism, we are logically justified in attaching certain knowledge of properties and relations in and between objects beyond what is provided by what we know a posteriori. It is through this understanding of Kants transcendental idealism that we are to understand and address rump Lockes assertion that the mind, when it first is developed, is nothing more than a unobjectionable slate, or tabula rasa.Lockes task in maintain I 3how men, besides by the use of their natural faculties, may attain to all the knowledge they have, without the help of innate impressions and may arrive at certainty, without any such original notions or principles. In Kantian language, impressions are those images that are embed in the mind by sensuous perception/experience. The concept of innate, for Locke, then, must refer to impressions which are found in the mind before the Kantian impression . That is, as an impression for both Locke and Kant, if it is innate, then the impression exists prior to brutish experience and provides some kind of information.This is the opposite of tabula rasa. In the beginning of Book I, Locke does not refer to innate knowledge, which would be the product of extrapolating statements from information information, in this case, scarcely refers to facts or what Locke refers to as simple ideas. On one train there is a similarity between Kant and Locke. Locke goes on to state that 4it would be impertinent to suppose the ideas of colours innate in a wolf to whom God had giveth sight, and the power to receive them from external objects. For Kant, the recognition/knowledge of a color would require, first, that the eye experience what color happens to be.Thus, claims regarding color fall within the realm of a posteriori knowledge. In addition, the perception of color and the conception/idea of color are limited to the mode of experience one can h ave for color. One cannot hear, taste, or feel the color green, which, a priori, would require the mind to be further equipped with the innate condition/information of predetermining how to file color when it is sensed. In other words, the brain must already know that the concept green, if it is innate, is a concept pertaining strictly to sight.However, these are not the claims for which Locke is contesting for the proof that innate principles do not exist. More controversially, and, I believe, in opposition to Kants transcendental idealism, are the claims that whatsoever is, is and it is unattainable for the same thing to be and not be cannot be shown to be necessarily true based on innate principles. It is in this claim that we find evidence for epistemological realism in Lockes philosophy for if it was to be true that whatsoever is, is for Locke, then the claim must correspond necessarily to the way the world isthrough experience. In other words, it must be a fact that whatsoev er is, is as a impression of experiencing the whatsoever. This being the case, Locke goes on to detail the 5the steps by which the mind attains several truths. Like Kant, Locke claims that it is through sensory perception that the mind is imprinted with particular ideas. Unlike Kant, however, Locke claims that it is by degrees does there become a habitual familiarity which accompanies these ideas to be stored in the memory.The scene is analogous to what we assume to be the learning variety of a bollix that through the incremental addition of experiences and seeing particular relations exposed in those experiences, the mind is furnished with the materials which become the objects of reflection. This being the case, it would seem that knowledge is perhaps not really knowledge at all, but an imitation of habitual experiences. But as Hume correctly pointed out, there is no certainty in consistency, and reasoning based on such a consistency. This justifies, tentatively, skepticism to ward Lockes claim that certainty can be attained without innate principles.Another criterion for innate principles, according to Locke, is that one must be aware of them as something knowable in order to prove their existence. Locke mentions how clinically insane and infants are unable to articulate what they know and how it is they know it. Locke gives the example of an infant not knowing 6that three and tetrad equal to seven, till he comes to be able to count to seven. This interrogation of Lockes claims puts forth the question of whether or not a person knows that three and four equal seven, or if a person is simply countenancing facts from his or her experience which is guided by epistemological realism.From a Kantian perspective, the matter is more about dealing with quantity (three, seven, four), the relationship between concepts (plus, equals), and the knowledge which can arise from predetermined, logical schemata in human cognition (four and four is greater than seven if three and four equal seven). It is not that Kant would assert that a language-less baby unexposed to elementary mathematics can know that three and four equal seven. Further, a baby would also not be able to articulate, even if its mind were furnished with the knowledge thatwhatsoever is, is since a baby simply lacks the language to be able to say so. Inverting Lockes challenge to see if the claim whatsoever is, is can be assented to by babies and the mentally handicapped presents a fundamental problem his argument the burden of proof is on Locke to provide valid counterfactuals to a baby and/mentally challenged persons. In other words, we should take Locke seriously when he moves beyond a simple imitation of what the world shows him and demonstrate when whatsoever is, is not and it is possible for something to be entirely red and entirely green at the same time.Then Locke must move to show how these claims are grounded in a realist epistemology. This criticism bolsters the Kantian project in that transcendental idealism not only presents the possibility for experience, but also limits experience at the same time. A feature Locke is lacking. Without innate ideas, or some kind of cognitive structure which makes sense of perception, Locke must, in order to remain consistent, assume that there is a possibility that something can be simultaneously all red and all green and that we could perceive it when it does happen.Kant is essentially claiming that if there is an experienced contradiction such as, something is simultaneously all red and all green, then we can be pretty sure that the inauguration of this confusion lies in our cognitive faculties and not in the world. It is not rather so clear with the Lockean project, however. Lockean realism takes for granted that the mind is representing an accurate depiction of the world even in the case of a contradiction. This kind of opinion does not provide any kind of certainty or attainment of truths as Locke claims .On the contrary, what we would know is simply a regurgitation of experience thus creating confusion on where the source of a contradiction lies in the case one is presented in experience. In conclusion, when we compare the progress of epistemology as a historically situated study, then we come to see John Locke as an influential philosopher who challenged the rationalist doctrine which denied experience and empirical facts as integral to what we count as knowledge.It is that very project, however, that led John Locke and epistemological realism down a path of incoherency when both promised certainty through observation without grounding any source for that certainty. For its faults, which are not mentioned here, Kantian transcendentalism has been shown to be a more tenable answer to the idealism/realism debate as it has been contrasted with John Lockes realism.

Faust and Job Essay

While he was yet speaking , thither came also a nonher, and said, The fire of beau ideal is fallen from heaven, and hath burned up the sheep, and the servants, and consumed them and I sole(prenominal) am escaped alone to tell thee (Bridge Builders Bible, cable. 1.12-16). production line loses his possessions, his children,and he suffers health wise. He becomes rattling ill, but no matter what life brought him he still remained religious beliefful to god. personal credit line could ease up easily given in as Faust did. In this life we hurl choices to make whether they be nigh(a) or poisonous. We must(prenominal) suffer the consequences for either wrong deed we choose. It grapples a tight will power to be determined to do right like Job. Faust believes there is a particularize limitation on the reality in which he pitch been living(a) until he interacts with Mephistopheles.Faust feels he go to sleeps enough ab let out philosophy and heros of old legends. He now rec alls for a divine law that proves that this action is the ruling effect of the domain. This arrangement deal that was made was set up to fail Faust. Faust did not believe in a heaven or hell, which means he is betting his life rather than selling his soul. In Fausts top dog he is not sure if a eternal life scour exists. If he gave up the world that he was living in he really felt that he would be secure giving up something that dissatisfied him any way.Fausts desires is not so much an evil one, but the idea that he has made this promise deal with the haler brings on many concerns about this decision he has made. The stick is diffident of his own ability to fulfill all the request that Faust made to him. However, the devil accepts these challenges and make sure the pact deal is signed in blood. Faust is very eager at this identify to taste all the aspects of life that he thinks he progress to neglected. Although at first Faust rejects the offers made by Mephistopheles, he still ends up given in to this temptation. Faust should have kept his judgment when saying, the worlds pleasures apprisenot end his doubts or satisfy his needs (CliffnotesFaust regard iii).Faust is being taking advantaged of because Mephistopheles knows Fausts weaknesses. He knows that Faust is striving to understand the universe and his place in it, while Mephistopheles has something totally different in headland from Faust. Faust vertical happened to be at the crossroads in his life. He was a very well-esteemed man and an intelligent scholar who was highly looked on. The book of Faust came out during the eighteenth centuries, so steads thusly may have had an impact on how people, in particular Goethe may have viewed life. During that time attitudes were focused to a greater extent toward secular life and beyond. Looking at Faust attitude compared to Jobs, I see that Job was strong while Faust was weak. I find them to be different from each other just by viewing who gave in to this trick. It is plain to see that Faust gave in and Job stood his ground. It means a satisfying lot when someone can stand their grounds and not be moved by nothing in this world.Jobs world was in turmoil, but this did not interfere with his faith nor the confidence he had. Satan was concerned with getting souls that he can keep for eternity. He used any tactics he could to seduce Faust. The daimon offered earthly things to blindfold Faust. The Lord did let Mephistopheles know that when he grants him permission to reside in Fausts life, Faust will be fully aware of the clean-handed path, whether he chooses it or not. I believe at this point Faust is setoff to see Mephistopheles for who he really is. I had came to this conclusion personally when I read these lines Your real being no less than your fame Is often shown, sirs, by your name, Which is not hard to analyze When one calls you the Liar, Destroyer, graven image of Flies. Enough, who are you then? Part of that force which would Do evil everto a greater extent, and yet creates the good.What is it that this puzzle indicates? I am the tang that negates. And rightly so, for all that comes to be Deserves to perish wretchedlyTwere better nothing would begin. Thus everything that your terms, sin, Destruction, evil represent- That is my proper element. You call yourself a part, yet whole make your debut (Goethe 705)? Mephistopheles was a smooth public lecture and slick which reminds me of Satan himself. Job at some point in his life wished he had never been born. How can anyone flaw Job for sensation the way he did after going through these horrible storms in his life. He had to face these mountains and conquer his fears. I do understand Job was tender, so he had a right to feel saddened or peradventure even lonely.Faust longs to find something absolutely enduring so that he can end his alienation. He rather ignore reality just to have pleasures fulfilled for a few years rather than having somet hing that will occupy him forever. Faust understands life, but he wants to dig deeper into the truth about supernatural things. In return for his search on this he turns to magic which leads him to making this pact deal with the devil in the first place. Satan plan he had for Job did not work as perfection said. Mephistopheles tries to criticize God by saying he made an imperfect world. However, he did religious service God carry out his will through using this pact deal with Faust. Satan main goal and purpose is to defeat God by taking over every soul. It is evidently true just reading And in return, what do you hope to take? Theres so much time so who insist? No, noThe Devil is an egoist And would not just for heavens sake uprise into a philanthropist. Make your conditions very clear Where such a servant lives, danger is near (Goethe 711). It is obvious that Mephistopheles is not on Faust side. Once he get him right where he wants him he is going to surely take his life. What good can come from someone when they encourage another human being to take their life. No friend would want to see you die. I consider that to be for someone who hates you and they must be cold-hearted. One comes to know good by knowing evil. A person can not come to know God without knowing this knowledge. True knowledge is gotten only from experience. Just like the Devil Mephistopheles often speaks the truth to get what he wants.Faust wanted much and he was never satisfied so covetousness began to take over his life. Job was satisfied with what God had given him and that is how he was able to stand on the word of God. He return for Jobs pain God restored to him everything that he had lost. He gave him back more than what he had before. Faust struggle with self worth causes him to have an inability to have faith in God. However, God does not give up on Faust. Believe it or not God gives us many chances in this world today because he has not given up on us either. God knew Faust st ruggled, but he allowed him to reach his low point in order to draw him back. Mephistopheles duty was to lead Faust down a dark road. If Satan could have done the same thing to Job he would have, but Job was too strong for him.Therfore, Satan fault a loosing battle with Job. In the process Faust is responsible for three deaths in this story, although he was influenced by Mephistopheles. God has given us the spirit of outright belief.The battle really begins in our mind. It is our will and emotions that control what we do or think. We must stop limiting God by the level of our faith or belief. He is and will always be the God of the impossible. commonwealth must demand that Satan leave them alone and not just ask this. It is good to know that by the power of the holy spirit we have authority over Satan to tell him what to do. Satan must be put in his place. Satan is a great pretender, so dont be deceived by his fierce growl.I am encouraged knowing this scriptures, and put on the wh ole armor of God so that ye shall be able to quench all the fiery hurry of the wicked (Bridge Builders Bible, Ephesians6.11-18). After being tested it feels good to know t hat someone passed their test and did not fail. I must be strong myself and not get caught up in the crossroads of my own life. People must have faith in order to make it in this world. Nothing can compare to what God has to offer us in heaven. God is amazing and he is the overlord whom we must answer to. It is great to have Job like attitude and not Faust attitude towards life. I encourage people to be strong in the Lord, having much faith.Works CitedJohann Wolfgang von Goethe. Faust. New YorkW.W Norton &Company, 1984. Lawall, Sarah, ed. The Norton Anthology of world literature .London Castle House, 1909.Rod Parsley. Bridge Builders Bible. Deerfield International Christian Publishers, 1997.Cliffs Notes -The Fastest Way to Learn. Wiley Publishing, Inc. 2000-2010 Faust, Parts 1 and 2. 11 November 2010.

Tuesday, January 22, 2019

Writing and Bio-organic Chemistry Review

HAD cholesterol (good) Bio-organic Chemistry Review Sheet Ill What is an alkalic? What is an saltlike? Ill. What are some common alikeness? IV. How to you make an alkaline? V. What is the mechanism of the addition of HEX across a double attachment? Bio-organic Chemistry Review Sheet 3 (continued) VI. What is the mechanism of the addition offs across a double bond? The reactions of alikeness (attach index cards here) This tusht over for improving your SAT score was provided by David Greensward at Verities Prep.For some college applicants, the analyze is the most dreaded portion of the SAT. Many students believe that a good evidence requires term to develop into something that envoys nuanced lowstanding of the material. Although time and expertness are useful in constitution a dissertation, the SAT show is much more formulaic and simply requires an understanding of how to produce a passable piece of persuasive physical composition that can function with nigh every promp t. Here are three keys to creating a consistently pure essay on the SAT 1 . Create a guide before you write an essay. recognize How to Improve Your SAT Essay Writing fundament all(prenominal)y all persuasive make-up has the same characteristics. The goal is to take a position on some question and support that position with evidence, which can efficiently be accomplished in a five carve up essay (an introduction, three eubstance paragraphs, and a conclusion). For this reason, one can essentially write the bones of the essay before one knows what the topic of the essay is. The easiest way to accomplish this is to write a bona-fide practice essay that you sprightliness is strong and then remove all the specific references to the topic.For example, say you were writing a thesis statement on the topic of whether or not it is better for a drawing card to be feared or love. (Much great writing already exists on this expansive topic, that we dont have to be Plato here. A thesis mig ht say Therefore the assertion that universe loved is a more powerful motivator for achieving a leaders desired goals than being feared is demonstrably true. This is a strong thesis and could essentially be change state down to therefore the assertion that position on topic is demonstrably true. Voila This is a thesis that can essentially work for any specific topic. From here on, all that needs to be done is to create a prototypical essay and remove all the specifics. This essay template works especially considerably for the introduction and conclusion, but the next tip is very helpful for the body paragraphs. . Relate topic sentences and non- individualized examples back to the thesis. It is a little harder to completely paw the body paragraphs, as these will be colligate to whatever examples you favour to include.The magic ticket in the body paragraphs, however, is to relate what you are writing back to your thesis. For instance, if one of your examples for the above topic of whether a leader should be feared or loved is Animal Farm, it is not strong to simply re-start the book. For example Animal Farm is the story of how animals rise up against an below the belt system, only to emulate the system they so despise. Not a perverting summary of Animal Farm, but if graders want to know what happens in that book, they that read it. Graders want to know how the example will be tie in back to the thesis.A better take is The eventual societal decay and develop of the subjugated animals in George Rowels Animal Farm demonstrates the danger of a leader being feared, as opposed to being loved. This is much more related to the main thesis of the essay. Also, make sure your examples are from something outside face-to-face experience it is far stronger to apply learning than to apply anecdotes on the SAT. BLOB Make Your Practice Count 3. Write as if you were creating sentences for the multiple natural selection questions.This is a surprisingly effective to ol in ensuring sty constituteic and well-formed clarity on the SAT. Students devote quite a bit of time to learning potential errors on the multiple survival of the fittest writing questions, but it does not always occur to them to put their own writing under the same scrutiny. All the guidelines for correct sentences can be applied to personal writing Use active voice, check for subject verb agreement, be clear, and the list goes on and on. If the same precision applied to the writing ultimate choice questions is applied to this essay, grammar and clarity will not be issues.

Monday, January 21, 2019

Project On NCO Essay

INTRODUCTION I hit worked for the army as an NCO for the last 13 years and I confuse always attempt to be accountable as much as I sens, to give reveal up to the standards of this petty(a) and elevator carry out every my responsibilities abiding in the set out rules and regulations. As an Non commission dominancer I moldiness be empathetic and positive.  And, as always, mustiness set the standard for rectitude and character.However in the recent past I found myself on the wrong side of the matter when over furthered in the base.ABSTRACT The hired hand uses a orbiculate array to filter, consolidate, and sort the clock violations. The contents of the spherical array be then presented in a report of unite timing violations. There is illustrated a block of an exemplary global array. The global array includes a plurality of records. Each record includes recognizes for monition type, time of event, data events, setup time limit, hold time limit, heart and soul of violation, time of last warning.Because father teaches us that there are both(prenominal) people that only learn by stripping them of their funds. There are early(a)s that the mere threat of that loss will keep them on the neat and narrow for 20years to come. And the policemans that I know that are the biggest benefactors of professional courtesy designedly disobey laws because they believe they can do so with impunity. A warning isnt going to do it for them. An example is a Passaic County Sheriffs Office incident. The Virginia deputy stopped them, advised them of the applicable law, asked them to obey it, and did non distinguish eachone. Everyone agreed that he was polite in doing this. The guys pulled thorn onto the highway resumed doing scarcely what they were doing before, and then tried to get the deputy fired when they got home.I herewith submit my Post Violation Report due to my misconduct. Over pep pill is the main cause of so many accidents in the army base a nd other areas in the unify States of America. I strongly believe that I was not suppositious to go against the ethics, rules and regulations in the base. As an NCO am supposed to set out a unsloped example to exclusively other ground men. However in every day world, we neartimes acquire ourselves in such situations. In most cases it is not due to our sustain will but we accident everyy find ourselves between a arguing and a hard place and therefore try to get ourselves out of it.This being the first time I confuse befoole this, I know I do not done such a big criminal activeness. I never said that I dont commit traffic violations. I think Im pretty careful, but I ache missed stop signs, exceeded the promote limit, failed to signal a turn, etc., resembling everyone else. So far, either I have been lucky or my violations were not so flagrant that they merited a stop. unless after pushing a patrol car rough for 13 years, I have to say that I cant commend even once f orgetting which car I was in, the patrol car or my somebodyal car.And even in the patrol car, if I commit an intentional traffic violation, it was to accomplish some job-related task, like get glowering around to chase a violator or in the field and have to ignore some rules to in ramble to hit the target. It has never occurred to me to try this in the field of work nor in my private missions without a close reason.If your situational awareness is so poor that you cant remember whether youre on or take away duty or which car youre driving, your problems go way past an incumbents discretionary ending making, and your wellspring is definitely in the clouds. I think its interesting that you consider that you would have no problem with ignoring a lawful direct order from a superior ships officer, but you would fear retaliation and would decline to force spur enforcement action on a clear violation of the law if an officer was involved. If this is truly the situation youre wo rking in, your agency is in skillful trouble.Maybe so, but so what? You never had a brain fart, or were on automatic pilot, you unfortunately cant manoeuver all this.I admit however that on several occasion, when driving off duty in my private vehicle I have dictated in the midnight hours because I forgot I was driving in my personal vehicle. preoccupied to obey the signs and instructions to the drivers.I am not advocating for over pelt along in any way, and never have advocated for the same, writing every Amy officer you stop. That is just as much an abuse of discretion as not writing anyone who is an NCO.RESPONSIBILITIES OF AN NON COMMISSIONED OFFICERThe duties and responsibilities of NCOs has remained the same for quite a longtime.As an NCO I should be responsible for(p) for the following            Should know where your soldiers live and how to contact them affair the unit to accomplish, as many missions as possible and at all c ost never give out volunteer troops.Managing a peculiar(prenominal) launch vehicleSystem administration with decision-making authority.Training new operations Safety TechniciansIn fact sometimes it has never been a responsible thing to do some of the followingSending food back to the kitchen.Telling your significant other you have had better.Commenting in front of your pigeonhole I can find a better job tomorrowDating a co-worker/boss/bosses daughter.At one pointedness I found myself over speeding just because I could not let it go or because I needed to hit some deadlines.Because most of the violations were not all that grave and my impression was that I had a wake-up call from the stop itself. Was I driving safely? Mission accomplished. But the guy that clearly knows what I was doing got me stopped, and who will resume that same activity as soon as were done because we thought he had the compensate to do that, if not a ride in the back seat.As I qualified many times prior, an yone can maunder themselves into a ticket. Just because you are military or physician does not mean I dont run your driving license. I never said that every one of these members gets a pass, I have written military, physicians and other army officers.Here are the facts, I would like to assume that a member of our armed forces is a reasonably in good order individual ser immorality that few would undertake and regardless of station they be my respect and appreciation.Discression is a funny thing. Where you expertness exercise it, I might not. Where you think me lax, I might think you unnecessarily harsh. Though you are correct in the spirit of your argument, its execution is not so easy. If this were easy, anyone could do it. I made discretionary decisions every day, and I dont think I was harsh with them. The difference is that I apply criteria that were germane(predicate) to the situation and that I could defend to anyone that questioned why I had done what I did. You want to bring in criteria of your own choosing that are based on your fears and biases. Overcoming fear and bias is something every one of us has to do in order to be an army officer. , or you get out.I could have shined on any or all of these people, and no one would have known except them and me. As for is Fort Jackson SC dogshit that I didnt know was a cop until after I had issued the ticket, he probably deserved a warning, as he was an out-of-towner who was strange with the intersection and turned left in violation of a post sign. The cop part of it had nothing to do with whether it was a bad decision or not.One of the sergeants tried to condemn me within the department for solid another ground officer and that upset me very much.One more(prenominal) thing say youre driving around tomorrow in your private vehicle running errands, and you run a red light. No intent to break the law you just got distracted for a second, stool decision without influence, and accept whatever consequen ces follow your conduct.Some examples where premeditation discretion, in and of itself, doesnt make sense there comes a time when you have to attend to an emergency, and here is where our perspectives diverge. All of those applications of premeditated discretion to use your landmark are enacted pursuant to due process of law and legislation, formulated in compliance with the set out rules and regulations in the base, and is promulgated to the citizenry.As far-famed above, a large number of substantially contemporaneous timing violations in a particular module can be the result of a single cause.The violation time is the difference between the given speed limit and speed you have exceeded, and is calculated from the limits (setup or hold) and the difference in time between the clock and data events. The first warnings are used by the script to report consolidated information regarding multiple timing violations that occur at a particular module.ACCOUNTABILITY OF AN NCOSenior leade rship, must afford these to subordinate troopsResponsibility, to instill a sense of worth, vanity and accomplishmentAuthority, to effectively carry out tasks they are responsible forAccountability, for actions right and wrong andAssistance, to help junior troops learn from leaders experience and expertise.Such actions by leaders are vital to developing junior troops who will be tomorrows leaders. Senior leaders must coach, teach, mentor and train subordinates to effectively replace the leaders in the future.EXPECTATIONSLooking at what American military officers call for from their senior NCOs and vice versa. Officers in the U.S. military expect their senior enlisted leaders to be tactically, technically and strategically proficient to be professional beyond reproach and to be the eyes and the ears for the commander the voice of service members and their families.Senior NCO leaders should expect several things from their commanders and carry out the followingTrust and accord resp ect. station and open communication. No one has permission to stop me from seeing prevalent PaceThese are not a right, but must be earned through consistently professional and proficient actions.Freedom of endeavour throughout the command. You need to tell that commander, Sir, I need to have independence of moment throughout my area of responsibility. The only way I can advise you is if I see it,Senior U.S. NCOs are empowered in many ways. However, empowerment is not or so having power per se, but about influencing junior troops to do the right things. Infact power is not an issue the big concern is how leaders exercise influence over their subordinates. applying good orderA person assigned as an NCO should be responsible for a defined universal area within the barracks, e.g., hallways, laundry rooms, dayrooms etc., in writing and post this NCOs name.Conspicuously in the vicinity of the assigned area. This NCO will, at a minimum, be responsible for reporting common area deficie ncies to the ingroup R&U NCO. This person will sign for any furnishings and other accountable property located outside of individual soldier rooms.Maintain room assignment rosters for the barracks. Assign soldiers to barracks byrequesting that the FMO issue barracks furniture to occupants. Units whitethorn appoint a barracks manager or similar person to abet in managing this function.Non-commissioned Officers (NCOs). NCOs have the primary duty of maintaining the health, safety, welfare and theater of the soldiers assigned to them. These duties extend toEnsuring that their soldiers have a healthy and safe livelihood environment that complies with theArmy values and enhances unit readiness and discipline. NCOs are the divulge element of command.Presence in the barracks. NCOs may exercise this leadership as common area NCOIC, SDNCO,And CQ. NCOs will also exercise this leadership as first line and higher supervisors of soldiersLiving in the barracks. At a minimum, NCOs willCond uct inspections IAW Chapter 4 below.Monitor all barracks activities to ensure compliance with the letter of this regulation and the spirit of the Army values. project the barracks are the safe, healthy environment for soldiers and other NCOs.Inspect barracks furnishings for accountability and serviceability.Barracks ascendantCommon areas. Assign an NCO to be responsible for a defined common area within the barracks, e.g., hallways, laundry rooms, dayrooms etc., in writing and post this NCOs name conspicuously in the vicinity of the assigned area. This NCO will, at a minimum, be responsible for reporting common area deficiencies to the Battalion R&U NCO.This person will sign for any furnishings and other accountable property located outside of individual soldier rooms.Maintain room assignment rosters for the barracks. Assign soldiers to barracks by requesting that the FMO issue barracks furniture to occupants.Units may appoint a barracks manager or similar person to assist in man aging this function.SupervisionUnder supervision the NCO is required to motivate and control the followingCounsel soldiers and maintain counseling records.Conduct corrective reproduction when requiredKeep soldiers informed during their work and events taking place and exercises.Enforcing the advert opportunity program in the forcesCONCLUSIONAs a Non Commissioned officer I understand that by over speeding in the base posed a srious danger to me and also to the other officers on duty. This was actually putting my life at risk. Also as an officer who is supposed to be a good example to my subordinates, I acted in a manner trying to suggest that is not a good example. I strongly believe that this was a great mistake and am determined to rectify any harm that may have been caused by my misconduct REFERENCES. Robert Sterling Rush (2006) Non Commissioned Officer GuideStackpole Books, United States.2. United States Court of Claims, (1988) Federal Reporter, West Pub. Co3.Braham Cla rk Freeman, The American states report,   publish 1895, Bancroft-Whitney Co. Publishers4.By Lawyers Co-operative, (1905) Lawyers Reports Annotated, Publishing Company Lawyers Co-operative Pub. Co.

Apple Corporation: Ethical and Social Responsibility Essay

apple Inc. is an Ameri merchant ship flock that is placed headquartered in in Cupertino, California that designs, develops, and lots electronics like computer softwargon, online function, and personal computers. Its very well inhabitn for hardw atomic number 18 products like the Mac computers, iPods, iPhone and the iPad. Its online services include iCloud, iTunes Store and App Store. Its software includes the OS X and iOS operating systems the iTunes media web browser and the Safari web browser. orchard apple tree was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne on April 1, 1976 to develop and sell personal computers for slew to use. It was in integratedd as apple Computer, Inc. on January 3, 1977, and was renamed as orchard apple tree Inc. on January 9, 2007. Apple is the areas second-largest information engineering science comp whatever by revenue after Samsung Electronics and the balls third-largest wandering(a) phone curbr after Samsung and Nokia (Cantrell, 2006). Fortune magazine named Apple the close to(prenominal) admired company in the United States in 2008, and in the world from 2008 to 2012. On September 30, 2013, Apple surpassed Coca-Cola to become the worlds most valuable company.As of June 2014 Apple425 retail stores in fourteen different countries. As well as the online Apple Store and iTunes Store which is the worlds largest music retailer. Apple is the largest publicly traded corporation in, with a market gather of $446 billion by January, 2014. As of September 29, 2012, the company had 72,800 permanent full phase of the moon- clipping employees and 3,300 temporary full-time employees worldwide. Its worldwide annual revenue in 2013 is $ clxx billion. Apples marque hard-corety is different than any other(a) product. People love Apple products because they are a farseeing undestroyable product that is simplyton to last forever. At one time, Apple was actively engaged by the company, but this was after the phenomen on was already firmly established. Apple supports the continuing existence of a net proceeding usage. Mac users previously work at the European Apple exhibition and the San Francisco Macworld Conference & Expo trade shows, where Apple normally introduces new products each year, to both the fabrication and public.Apple Store openings fanny draw crowds of thousands, with some waiting in line as much as a day in the lead the opening or flying in from other countries for the event. The advanced York metropolis Fifth Avenue Cube store had a line as long as half a mile. Apple is one of some(prenominal) highly advantageful companies founded in the 1970s that the traditional notions of what a corporate company should look like in organizations (Fisher, 2008). Apple was a high changer when they were started, no one ever thought they would be as successful as they were. Other successful companies with similar aspects from the same time frame include Southwest Airlines and Micro soft. As the company has grown and been direct by a series of chief executives, each with his own head of what Apple should be, some of its original character has arguably been lost. And thats something you stinkert change, different leaders of any company are going to subscribe different ideas that they are going to bring to the table that provide be good and bad sometimes. Apple still has a write up for having individuality and excellence that reliably that has talented people into its company.This is great in that it gives employees to voice their opinion about the way things should be going and conjure up any ideas for improvements (Stuart, 2013). To recognize the best employees, Apple created the Apple Fellows program, awarding individuals who do extraordinary technical or leadership contributions to personal computing slice at the company. I love this about apple this shows that they really prise their employees. When a company show they love their employees the empl oyees volition tend to work harder. Apple is also known for strictly enforcing accountability. Each project has a directly responsible individual. This means that if something was to go wrong they would know the person that they would need to go to directly. Apple has a great social and good responsibility within their company. They provide many options for continuing education programs for employees. Apple Inc. is one of the most valuable companies around the world.This is incredibly profitable corporation but socially responsible one. It has proved to be the good companies and have preceptore a good job with social and ethical responsibilities by continuously focus on violating the child labor, toxic conditions and other conditions of their reckon of ethics. The company focuses on good working conditions, adoption of environmental couthy manufacturing process. The company also supports Product Red Campaign by change its revenue to fight against malaria, tuberculosis and AIDS (Wozniak, 2007). The company operates in full compliance of rules, regulations and laws of the country in which it is operating. Following are many examples which mass prove that the company has met all its responsibilities. The company has s liftped the use of small-scale labor in 10 manufacturing places in China including Foxconn. The company has faded grafting in one and dangerous working conditions in two facilities thus adhering to its policies and procedures in a sense.The company has well laid down insurance for hiring, training and workers safety and it makes sure as shooting that the policy is completely followed by the suppliers if they indispensability to establish the air relations with the company. In the year 2010, the company has over(p) its business with three suppliers, where management was not able to show its loading to the suppliers policies of Apple. Some of the methods Apple can utilize to fancy that the suppliers adhere to wage and benefit s tandards are as follows. The company can undergo compliance monitoring program announced and unannounced at the supplier end. Meaning they can come in at any time to make sure the company is complying with apples rules. It may include grinder audits, cross checking the reports, corrective action plans and verification measures for ensuring the compliance of the code of conduct. The supplier needs to uphold the rights of the workers and has to establish the discrimination free work place.thither are a lot of companies where workplace discrimination happens and people dont know about. This is great that apple keeps tabs on the suppliers to make sure they are adhering to the rules. The suppliers are not expected to harm workers verbally or orally and they need to be treated with respect and dignity. I receive that Apple doesnt need to do anything else that have met the responsibility to make sure that apple employees are being treated fairly. According to apples publications and resp onsibilities on that point have been few rapes from the supplier companies. Based on my research the violation that they have had they were able to catch early on, before they get outta hand. not saying that apple is perfect they have had some violation but they are able to catch them before its too late. Apple employs about 36,000 full-time people at its more than 350 retail stores around the globe. About two thirds of the stores are in the U.S.Apple Store workers are typically paid about $9 to $15 an hour at the sales level, and up to about $30 an hour at its brainpower tech support teams. Two methods that apple could use to make sure its suppliers adhere to wage and benefits is to do an audit every couple of months. This would hold back that all of the employees are getting paid what they are supposed to be paid. During this audit they will be able to catch any mistakes in pay that are going on. Another tool that they could use to see that wages are being paid correctly , is to keep an open family with the employees. Telling the employees to let apple know if anything is going wrong, so they can correct is immediately. I do believe that apple customers would be unstrained to pay more, apple is a great product that they stand behind. It has long lasting quality. If apple had to increase the scathe point to give employees a raise consumers would be willing to do that. If it wasnt for the workers there would be no apple products.I definitely think they should raise the price on iPhones and iPads they are the major two products that apple sells. People will pay any price for those two items because they are the most astray used. Apple uses a 3 point merchandise philosophy 35 years after they adopted this it still works for today. This philosophy trunk at the core of what makes Apple so effective at creating and profiting from loyal customers. Apples original three points Empathy We will truly commiserate their customer needs better than any oth er company. Focus In mold to do a good job of the things we decide to do, we must eliminate all of the unimportant opportunities. Impute People DO judge a book by its cover. We may have the best product, the highest quality, the most reusable software, etc if we present them in a slipshod manner, they will be perceived as slipshod if we present them in a creative, professional manner, we will impute the desired qualities.Apple has used these principles to become the worlds most valuable company measured by market capitalisation and one of worlds most valuable brands. Here are ten strategies Apple has used to become one of the worlds greatest marketers (Weyhrich, 2002). I think one thing that apple could do to help improve their selling strategy would be to improve their products with the features that people like. As an iPhone user myself I would love to see a larger screen. If apple would use a larger screen it would make the phones more completive with some of the Android phon es. I also think apple should set about the price point on their higher end electronics like the iPad and mac book, people really love those items but many people cant afford those items. Apple also uses a good marketing tool call The Exclusivity Technique is typically executed with relative success by businesses giving a select subset of customers a superfluous uphold on goods or services. For example some companies make certain offers solely available to existing customers or Facebook fans.This is the Exclusivity Technique at its most prefatory form. The exclusivity proficiency works by making the eligible subset of customers step special. This creates a better customer business relationship and is proven to increase brand loyalty. Apple have taken this technique and put their own pull on it to develop what has been one of the most successful, and probably low-cost marketing techniques of all time .Instead of making a special offer exclusive, Apple made their entire iPh one product range exclusive. The cherry on top for Apple is that they orchestrated the Exclusivity Technique to make their mobile phone the world most popular, despite it supposedly being exclusive. This is a great technique in that customers love to feel special, by apple making them feel special that makes customers really want to keep using their products. I know me as a customer I love to feel special when Im profaneing a product from a business and they make me feel special. I would be more willing to buy products from that company more often.Reference PageCantrell, Amanda. Apples funny comeback story, CNN, March 29, 2006. Retrieved March 2, 2007. Fisher, Anne (March 17, 2008). Americas Most admire Companies.Fortune 157 (5) 6567. Stuart Elliot (September 29, 2013). Apple Passes Coca-Cola as Most Valuable Brand. The New York Times. Retrieved October 21, 2013. Wozniak, Stephen. Homebrew and How the Apple Came to Be, Digital Deli. Retrieved March 2, 2007. Steven Weyhrich (April 21, 2002). Apple II History Chapter 4. Retrieved August 18, 2008.